礦熱爐又稱電弧電爐或電阻電爐。它主要用于還原冶煉礦石，碳質還原劑及溶劑等原料，主要生產硅鐵，錳鐵，鉻鐵、鎢鐵、硅錳合金等鐵合金。礦熱爐主要分為半密閉和密閉爐兩種類型，其中密閉爐產生的尾氣含有的可燃成分較多，能夠用于燃氣內燃機發(fā)電。
Submerged arc furnace is also known as electric arc furnace or resistance furnace. It is mainly used for reducing smelting ores, carbon reducing agents, solvents, and other raw materials, and mainly produces ferroalloys such as ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, ferrochromium, ferrotungsten, and silicomanganese alloys. Submerged arc furnaces are mainly divided into two types: semi closed and closed furnaces. The tail gas generated by closed furnaces contains more combustible components, and can be used for gas internal combustion engine power generation.
某礦熱爐尾氣產生及利用流程
Production and utilization process of tail gas from a submerged arc furnace
在礦熱爐生產鐵合金的過程中產生的尾氣(Furnace off gas，簡稱FOF)主要成分為CO，以及少量的 H2、 CO2等。其中一氧化碳（CO）氣體是由于還原劑中存在碳而形成的，如果還原劑中含有揮發(fā)性碳氫化合物，則會形成氫氣（H2）。過去，礦熱爐尾氣通常是直接燃燒后排放，而現在則可以通過高效的燃氣內燃機發(fā)電，同時利用高溫煙氣的熱能，使能源得到高效充分地利用。
The main components of offgas (FOF) generated during the production of ferroalloys in submerged arc furnaces are CO, as well as a small amount of H2, CO2, etc. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is formed due to the presence of carbon in the reducing agent. If the reducing agent contains volatile hydrocarbons, hydrogen (H2) will be formed. In the past, the exhaust gas from submerged arc furnaces was usually discharged after direct combustion. However, it can now be generated through efficient gas internal combustion engines, while utilizing the heat energy of high-temperature flue gas to efficiently and fully utilize energy.

礦熱爐尾氣的燃燒特性和利用難點
Combustion characteristics and utilization difficulties of tail gas from submerged arc furnace
的熱值通常只有天然氣熱值的1/3左右，也就是說相比于同級輸出功率的天然氣機型，FOF發(fā)電機組的進氣量需要增大3倍以上。FOF的抗爆性與天然氣也有顯著區(qū)別，其甲烷指數(Methane Number，簡稱MN)只有天然氣的大約60%左右，這意味著這種氣體在內燃機氣缸里面更容易發(fā)生爆震。所以，燃氣發(fā)電機組需要通過傳感器監(jiān)測爆震的發(fā)生以調整機組的運行狀態(tài)。另一方面，FOF燃燒時的層流火焰速度(Laminar Flame Speed，簡稱LFS)卻比天然氣快許多，這和氣體里面氫氣的含量比例有關。層流火焰速度是在層流前沿發(fā)生氧化反應的速度， 即未燃燒的混合氣與火焰前沿之間的相對速度。根據麻省理工學院的研究資料，在當量比(Equivalence Ratio)為2時，5% H2和95% CO組成的混合氣的LFS約為50cm/s，而 50% H2和50% CO組成的混合氣的LFS可到160cm/s。鑒于FOF特殊的燃燒特性，燃氣內燃機的進氣系統(tǒng)和控制參數都需要特殊設計以適應其特性，同時還必須滿足NOx的排放要求。
The calorific value of FOF power generation units is usually only about 1/3 of the calorific value of natural gas, which means that compared to natural gas models with the same level of output power, the intake volume of FOF power generation units needs to be increased by more than three times. The antiknock performance of FOF is also significantly different from that of natural gas, with its Methane Number (MN) only about 60% of that of natural gas, which means that this gas is more prone to detonation in the cylinders of internal combustion engines. Therefore, gas generator units need to monitor the occurrence of detonation through sensors to adjust the operating state of the unit. On the other hand, the laminar flame speed (LFS) of FOF combustion is much faster than that of natural gas, which is related to the proportion of hydrogen content in the gas. The laminar flame velocity is the rate at which oxidation reactions occur at the laminar front, i.e. the relative velocity between the unburned mixture and the flame front. According to research data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, when the equivalence ratio is 2, the LFS of a mixture composed of 5% H2 and 95% CO is about 50 cm/s, while the LFS of a mixture composed of 50% H2 and 50% CO can reach 160 cm/s. Due to the special combustion characteristics of FOF, the intake system and control parameters of gas internal combustion engines need to be specially designed to adapt to their characteristics, while also meeting the NOx emission requirements.
顏巴赫的 DIA.NE XT4系統(tǒng)在氣體質量波動時自動調整設置，因此能夠適應復雜的運行情況。同時，顏巴赫的LEANOX稀薄燃燒控制技術能夠實時控制氮氧化物NOx的排放，確保始終滿足嚴苛的環(huán)保要求，使機組排氣出口NOx達到250-500mg/Nm3(@5% O2)，并且無需SCR等復雜的尾氣后處理裝置。新的顏巴赫資產管理系統(tǒng)myPlant則能實時監(jiān)測、控制和預測機組的運行狀態(tài)，并能提供前瞻性的維護保養(yǎng)建議。
Yanbach's advanced DIA.NE XT4 system automatically adjusts settings when gas quality fluctuates, so it can adapt to complex operating conditions. At the same time, Yanbach's LEANOX lean combustion control technology can control the emission of nitrogen oxide NOx in real time, ensuring that strict environmental requirements are always met, making the unit's exhaust outlet NOx reach 250-500mg/Nm3 (@ 5% O2), and eliminating the need for complex tail gas aftertreatment devices such as SCR. The new Yanbach asset management system, myPlant, can monitor, control, and predict the operating status of units in real time, and can provide forward-looking maintenance recommendations.
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